{"id":21043440,"date":"2018-01-04T18:30:35","date_gmt":"2018-01-04T17:30:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geek.hr\/znanost\/?p=21043440"},"modified":"2018-01-07T02:56:58","modified_gmt":"2018-01-07T01:56:58","slug":"13-razloga-zbog-kojih-su-vrane-einsteini-zivotinjskog-svijeta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geek.hr\/znanost\/clanak\/13-razloga-zbog-kojih-su-vrane-einsteini-zivotinjskog-svijeta\/","title":{"rendered":"13 razloga zbog kojih su vrane Einsteini \u017eivotinjskog svijeta"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Gavrani, svrake, \u010davke, \u0161ojke i mnoge druge. Svi su oni iz porodice vrana koja ne slovi bez razloga za najpametnije ptice. Znanstvenici ih od milja zovu \u201epernatim primatima\u201c.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Mogu razaznati uzrok i posljedicu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>U testu su novokaledonske vrane bile smje\u0161tene u ogra\u0111eni prostor gdje bi se \u0161tap pojavio iz skrivenog prostora. Koristili su <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/109\/40\/16389.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dva scenarija<\/a>: u prvom je \u010dovjek ulazio u prostoriju prije nego \u0161to bi se \u0161tap pomaknuo i odlazio nakon toga. U drugome, \u010dovjek bi ostao skriven. U prvom slu\u010daju bi vrane bile mnogo opu\u0161tenije, pravilno povezuju\u0107i pokret \u0161tapa s prisutno\u0161\u0107u \u010dovjeka. Tra\u017eile bi hranu i normalno se pona\u0161ale. U drugom slu\u010daju vrana ne bi znala razlog prisutnosti \u0161tapa pa bi bila na oprezu.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"New Caledonian crows reason about hidden humans\" width=\"880\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZnqUAsyOTv4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Razumiju razli\u010dite volumene vode<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>U pokusu s epruvetama utvr\u0111eno je ne samo da vrane mogu razlikovati vodu i pijesak, nego i razli\u010ditost volumena vode. Ba\u0161 kao u basni, vodile su ra\u010duna o odnosima uzroka i posljedica tako \u0161to su odabirale opcije koje vi\u0161e podi\u017eu razine vode kako bi do\u0161le do hrane. Tako\u0111er su pokazale prednost za onu cijev od koje \u0107e profitirati s najmanje ulo\u017eenog rada. Takvi dosezi su pokazali <a href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0103049\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">da su inteligencijom na razini prva\u0161i\u0107a.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Causal understanding of water displacement by a crow\" width=\"880\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZerUbHmuY04?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>Zlopamtila su i mogu to prenijeti drugim vranama<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Znanstvenici ponekad nose maske kad moraju uhvatiti i ozna\u010diti vranu, jer vrane prepoznaju lica. Ne samo to, nego to \u010dak prenesu drugim vranama \u0161to svjedo\u010di o njihovoj komunikaciji. Sve je obja\u0161njeno <a href=\"http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/science\/articles\/2011\/06\/29\/3255693.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ovdje<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"John Marzluff Shows How Crows Will Recognize You\" width=\"880\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bOkj7lJpeoc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>Odr\u017eavaju sprovode<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CYKLV3CLmBs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kad vrana ugine<\/a> \u010desto se vide druge vrane kako se okupljaju i stvaraju puno buke &#8211; ba\u0161 kao i ljudi. Razlog za to bio je nepoznat do 2015. godine. Vrane se, naime, okupljaju oko svojih mrtvih <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003347215003188\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kako bi saznali o opasnostima<\/a> koje im <a href=\"https:\/\/beta.theglobeandmail.com\/life\/a-murder-of-crows\/article1091590\/?ref=http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com&amp;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prijete.<\/a><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Understanding Crow Funerals\" width=\"880\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/CYKLV3CLmBs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>Dovoljno su pametne da budu paranoi\u010dne<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms10506\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nedavno je otkriveno<\/a> da posjeduju ne\u0161to poznato kao teorija uma \u2013 ina\u010de ljudima svojstven kognitivni mehanizam prepoznavanja mentalnih stanja u sebi i spoznaja da drugi imaju mentalna stanja koja se mogu razlikovati od njihovih. Kada \u017eele skrivati hranu za kasnije, opreznije to rade kad su u blizini druge ptice.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong>Mogu rje\u0161avati slo\u017eene zagonetke s vi\u0161e koraka<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Vrane koje nisu bile laboratorijske, ve\u0107 iz divljine, rje\u0161avale su slo\u017eenu zagonetku od 8 pojedina\u010dnih koraka koji su morali biti rije\u0161eni u vrlo specifi\u010dnom redoslijedu kako bi se oslobodila hrana.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Are crows the ultimate problem solvers? - Inside the Animal Mind: Episode 2 - BBC Two\" width=\"880\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/AVaITA7eBZE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><strong>Mogu sami praviti alate<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ve\u0107 smo znali da vrane znaju koristiti alate, ali \u0161to ako nema ni\u010dega dostupnog? <a href=\"http:\/\/rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/11\/12\/20150777\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Napravit \u0107e ve\u0107 ne\u0161to sami<\/a>. Ne samo to, nego \u0107e i alat sa\u010duvati za poslije umjesto da ga zaborave nakon jednokratne upotrebe.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"8\">\n<li><strong>Socijalno izop\u0107uju sebi\u010dne pojedince<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Vrane nemaju Facebook da druge uklone s liste prijatelja ili mobitel da zanemare sms, ali prakticiraju sli\u010dno <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26442633\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">socijalno distanciranje<\/a> prema onima <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2015\/10\/151007110741.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">koji ih iznevjere<\/a>, \u0161to je dosad zapa\u017eeno samo kod ljudi i \u010dimpanzi.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><strong>Mogu vje\u017ebati samokontrolu<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Vrane ne pokre\u0107e isklju\u010divo instinkt &#8211; mogu do\u017eivjeti i\u0161\u010dekivanje i izvje\u017ebati samokontrolu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4398876\/pdf\/emss-62713.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ako je krajnji rezultat ve\u0107a nagrada<\/a>. Ba\u0161 kao kod djece u <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_marshmallow_experiment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">stanfordskom Marshmallow eksperimentu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li><strong>Mogu planirati budu\u0107nost i razmjenjivati \u200b\u200bstvari<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Kada se obu\u010de u kori\u0161tenju alata vrane ga vide kao vrijednost koju mogu staviti na stranu za budu\u0107e potrebe. Sljede\u0107a <a href=\"http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/357\/6347\/202\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">studija sugerirala je<\/a> da vrane donose odluke za budu\u0107nost\u00a0 izvan njihovog trenuta\u010dnog senzorskog konteksta, ba\u0161 poput majmuna.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Watch a raven use a rock to get a treat | Science News\" width=\"880\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Y3PSuqbMihI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<ol start=\"11\">\n<li><strong>Pamte ljude koji su bili dobri prema njima<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003347217301161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studija je<\/a> uklju\u010divala vrane i ljude kako razmjenjuju niskokvalitetnu hranu (kruh) za visokokvalitetnu (sir). Jedan bi eksperimentator po\u0161teno izvodio trgovanje s vranom, a drugi bi vranu prevario pa bi nakon \u0161to bi mu ona dala kruh u zamjenu za sir \u2013 on sir pojeo. Nakon mjesec dana vratila su se tri \u010dovjeka da opet trguju hranom: po\u0161teni eksperimentator, nepo\u0161teni i neutralni kojeg dosad nisu vi\u0111ali. Vrane bi zapamtile onog po\u0161tenog i jedino s njim bi nastavile razmjenu.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"12\">\n<li><strong>Koriste geste za komuniciranje<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ba\u0161 kao bebe prije nego \u0161to nau\u010de govoriti, vrane komuniciraju <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/ncomms1567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">koriste\u0107i geste<\/a>. Poput prikupljanja predmeta i pokazivanja istoga drugim vranama ili nu\u0111enja predmeta drugima, kako je pokazano <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mpg.de\/4664902\/ravens_use_gestures?filter_order=L\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">u studiji<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"13\">\n<li><strong>Vole se igrati<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Obja\u0161njenja su nepotrebna, pogledajte video:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Crowboarding: Russian roof-surfin&#039; bird caught on tape\" width=\"880\" height=\"660\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3dWw9GLcOeA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u010covjekoliki majmuni, dr\u017eite se.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10022,"featured_media":21043439,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[16346],"tags":[17704,19678],"class_list":["post-21043440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biljke-i-zivotinje","tag-inteligencija","tag-vrane"],"modified_by":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/geek.hr\/znanost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21043440","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/geek.hr\/znanost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/geek.hr\/znanost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geek.hr\/znanost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10022"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geek.hr\/znanost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21043440"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/geek.hr\/znanost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21043440\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geek.hr\/znanost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21043439"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/geek.hr\/znanost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21043440"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geek.hr\/znanost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21043440"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geek.hr\/znanost\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21043440"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}